Notes On Trust Vs. Mistrust - 1339 Words

1. Trust vs. Mistrust Trust vs. mistrust is the first step in Erikson’s psychosocial development and is found within infancy, which is birth to eighteen months of age. During the first or even up to the second year of life mothers and fathers are looked to as any autonomy that the baby learns. The child develops hope and trust through the mother/father or caretaker if, the child is taken care of properly. Mistrust towards the world is created when he or she does not experience a blanket full of security, emotionally stable events or a sense of optimism. Important events such as feeding can help determine whether or not a child will learn to trust the world or not. The infant is entirely dependent on the caregiver so this gives an opportunity for quality of care to development in a child’s personality. When the baby cries, does mom or dad attend to his or her needs? When the baby is frightened from a loud noise, does the caretaker comfort him or her? When the baby is hungry, will mom feed him or her? If the needs are not met consistently the child will start to discover the idea of mistrust towards the people around him or her. According to Erikson this is the most important period in a person’s life. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame Autonomy vs. shame is sought to be Erikson’s second stage and is found in early childhood years such as eighteen moths to three years of age. The basic virtue of this stage is will and can be hard to see because of the age deviances such as the â€Å"terribleShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Human Development1712 Words   |  7 Pageswell as traumas or stressors that influences the stages. Erickson s Lifespan Development Theory -----Header for all pages The Eight Stages of Child Development Stage 1 Trust vs Mistrust Is the world a reliable, trustworthy and safe place? Or is it an unpredictable world full of danger? The first stage (Trust vs. Mistrust) is made specifically for infants during their first few years of life. During this stage, an infant has no idea of what to expect of the world they live in. Since the infantRead MoreSigmund Freud And Ericksons Developmental Theories1262 Words   |  6 Pagesaccordance with the psychosexual theory, the first stage is described as the oral stage where the infant mainly interacts with the society with the mouth. During this stage, the infant is sorely dependent upon the caretakers and hence develops a sense of trust and comfort through the stimulation of the oral organ. Freud describes the second stage as the anal stage. During this period, the main concern is the training of an infant’s bladder and bowel movements. The success of the stage is based on how caregiversRead MoreErik Erikson And Jean Piaget s Theories Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore, children s logic and modes of thinking are initially entirely different from those of adults† (Smith, 2000). On the other hand, there’s the theory of Erikson, born in Germany in 1902. His theory saying, â€Å"Developmental progression — from trust to autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity — was conceived as the sequential reorganization of ego and character structures. Each phase was the potential root of later health and pathology. By focusing on theRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : Major Models Of Psychosocial And Cognitive Development1187 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout eight stages of life. His theory is described through inverse outcomes of situations. In the first stage, infancy, trust vs. mistrust is addressed. If the needs of the infant are met, they would develop a sense of basic trust. As an infant, my personal needs were met, so I developed the sense of basic trust. In the next stage, toddlerhood, the problem addressed is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. In this stage one learns to do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. At this stage, IRead More The Sins of the Father Essay1954 Words   |  8 Pagestopic, so the focus of this exploration will be limited to three personality disorders. The symptoms of these personality disorders are diagnosed in adulthood, but their roots lie in the first 4 years of life. Eriksons growth stages of trust vs. mistrust and autonomy vs. self-doubt will form the foundation for understanding. When a child is exposed to abusive, pathological parenting during these development stages the result is often a personality disorder. Personality disorders are enduring patternsRead MoreInfancy and Toddlerhood1935 Words   |  8 PagesSome activities he played with his cousins and brother were making up games to play. Such as seeing who’s turtle went faster or seeing whose tricycle was louder since he would put a water bot tle on the tire to make it loud. Thus, it is important to note that during the first week of preschool on Septmeber 1, 1995 with Mrs. he had not trouble exploring the classroom and would check back while his mother was present. Even though he would not cry, he would show some signs of missing her when she wouldRead MoreErikson Theory2711 Words   |  11 PagesErikson’s psychosocial stages of development Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infants, 0 to 1 year) * Psychosocial Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust * Virtue: Hope The first stage of Erik Eriksons theory centers on the infants basic needs being met by the parents. The infant depends on the parents, especially the mother, for food, sustenance, and comfort. The childs relative understanding of world and society come from the parents and their interaction with the child. If the parents expose the childRead MoreEssay about Erik Erikson and Post-Freudian Theory2317 Words   |  10 Pageswhich he called infancy, the conflict was basic trust vs. basic mistrust, from which hope emerges with successful resolution of the conflict (Feist Feist, 2009). Donald Capps, in his article Mother, Melancholia and Play in Erik H. Erikson’s Childhood and Society, gives the example of Erikson’s patient Jean, who, as an infant, was removed from her mother due to her mother’s illness. Jean was unable to successfully resolve her basic trust vs. basic mistrust conflict and, as a result, she was withdrawnRead MoreAnalysis Of Eric Eriksons Eight Stage s Of Identity Theory1423 Words   |  6 Pagespeers and society. Eric Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development According to Erikson’s Psychosocial theory the eight stages we go through are as follows: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust – This stage happens during infancy, Infants learn to trust others based upon the response of their caregivers, usually parents. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt – During this phase, young children, toddlers, begin exploring the world around them. If caregivers provide a safe base from which to explore the worldRead MoreThe Developmental Theories By Erik Erikson And Jean Piaget1728 Words   |  7 Pagesdepend on what is done to a person while stages five through eight depend primarily upon what a person does. The first stage (basic trust vs mistrust) occurs in infancy where the mother and fathers care taking skills may have a lasting impact on their child. If not properly cared for, the child may develop a feeling of insecurity and worthlessness. The second stage (autonomy vs shame) occurs during early childhood and it’s when the child is just beginning to develop a self-esteem and autonomy as they begin

Improving Management Styles - 1097 Words

Improving Management Styles and Their Function In the article When the Problem is Management, author Lawrence Sawyer takes a look at the different styles that managers have in their practice, how they can better perform their functions and how they relate to the four basic functions of management. As an internal auditor, Mr. Sawyer provides some insight to these managers in helping them and their departments make better use of the tools they have and points out what basic function they are violating. This article and its basic points relate directly to the assigned 1st week s reading in our Management 330 textbook and is an excellent example in how to relate the reading to a real life example. Ways to improve one s own organization†¦show more content†¦This article and its main points directly relate to discussions in class and assigned reading about managers. As we learn about what managers do in the text, the examples given in the article give good insight and problem solving scenarios to work out. We can also see how change is good and can be controlled in shaping and helping to direct the focus that is desired for an organization. This can also be applied to work experience. Being a part of the huge organization that Citigroup is, being department specific can be adhered to and still provide ample opportunities to apply learning from the article. Being a working agent in the collections department, it is easy to see the habits and decision-making process that goes on between managers. The four functions of management discussed apply to collections in an important way. Goals need to be set in monthly and quarterly quotas to keep delinquency down. Rules and procedures are set for agents to use in daily collection efforts. Coordinating the efforts of all agents and establishing chain of command authority help the department remain organized. Managers are very influential in driving Management Functions 5 agents to work efficiently and quickly, while being thorough and specific in their collection efforts. Constant evaluation is also done of individual work and as goals are set, an assessment is done t o keep futureShow MoreRelated Improving Management Styles Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pages Improving Management Styles and Their Function nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the article When the Problem is Management, author Lawrence Sawyer takes a look at the different styles that managers have in their practice, how they can better perform their functions and how they relate to the four basic functions of management. As an internal auditor, Mr. Sawyer provides some insight to these managers in helping them and their departments make better use of the tools they have and points out whatRead MoreOrganizational Theories and Management Styles1585 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational theories and management styles are key factors in the success of an organization. These theories can determine the structure of the organization by defining the best way to organize and work employees and by helping the organization adapt to its environment. Organizations and managers are unique in their own way; however most organizations and managers can be grouped into categories or types depending on their organizational or management styles. Organizational Theories OrganizationalRead MoreClassroom Management And Organization Strategies Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesReflect on Classroom Management and Organization Strategies The significance of classroom management and organization strategies is the responsibility of each teacher to implement an effective Classroom Organization and Management Plan (COMP). Effective teachers influence their students in the classroom and at home by providing them with incremental steps that support foundations for academic growth and success. Therefore, many theorists have contributed to developing effective models designedRead MoreQcf5 Unit 510 Lead and Manage a Team Essay examples1166 Words   |  5 Pageswhere managers are able to identify strengths and weaknesses within a staff team and utilise strengths while providing training and support for weaknesses. Training is also a key feature as it instils confidence within staff and helps staff to bond, improving relationships within the staff team. Conflicts are resolved with â€Å"healthy, professional confrontation† enabling staff to air their views and respond to others with issues. â€Å"Effective leaders a re a bit like cheerleaders for the team, they encourageRead MoreEssay on XYZ Construction Case Study4066 Words   |  17 PagesChange Management XYZ Construction Case Study Author: Parusha Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 1 Extent to which XYZ adopted the Culture – Excellence approach .................................... 4 1.1 The three change approaches .......................................................................................... 4 1.2 Adoption of the CultureRead MoreKomatsu Case Analysis1018 Words   |  5 Pagesadvanced technology, to raise quality and to increase efficiency to the level necessary to catch up and surpass Cat its main competitor. He decided to galvanize the company around this challenge and to focus management on his strategic priorities. He introduced a style of management called â€Å"management by policy† which he said was to clarify to all his staff members that there are value and policy target he wants to achieve and the company was aiming for a specific time period. Komatsu focused his prioritiesRead MoreGridlock Meadows : An Organization1309 Words   |  6 PagesBeverly’s performance by attending her group sessions and reading and improving all of her written documentation. Bambi’s behavior further demonstrates the structural frame when she reprimands Beverly when she tries to provide input. Bambi forcefully reminds Beverly of the formal structure of the agency, by putting her in her place while reinforcing the chain of command. Supervisory Style Alterations Bambi’s supervisory style would be altered if she or the agency believed in an approach differentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lincoln Electric Company1164 Words   |  5 Pagesviews on employee retention continue to be a guide within the company. If fulfilling customer needs is the desired goal of the company then employee performance and productivity are the means by which this goal can best be achieved. Labor and management are properly not warring camps; they are parts of one organization in which they must and should cooperate fully and happily.† (J, Lincoln) The Golden Rule has been fundamental in Lincoln’s philosophy. James believed that all people wanted to haveRead MoreHumanistic Motivational Theory, Incentive Theory992 Words   |  4 PagesTell them difference between them and others. 4. Explain criteria of getting reward. 2.3 Ans. 1. Autocratic style: An autocratic management style is someone who makes decisions and gives orders to people without asking for their people. The manager dictates work methods, limits worker knowledge of goals to that needed for the next step gives punitive feedback. Autocratic management style the lack of worker motivation can be typical if no loyal connection is established between the manager and theRead MoreThe Relationship between the Structure, Culture, and Management Styles in Tescos1070 Words   |  5 PagesThe Relationship between the Structure, Culture, and Management Styles in Tescos There is a clear relationship between the structure, culture and management styles in Tescos here are some examples showing this: Tescos uses power culture which has a top down (tall structure) whereby objectives are determined by the individual or individuals. This structure is also linked in with an autocratic management style as this structure tends to have a ‘them and us attitude’ which

Colonists in the American Revolution free essay sample

From hat I see with the terrorism that goes on today, the main goal of a terrorist is fear. They strive to instill fear in their enemies, and to kill them. The goal Of the colonists was not to make the British fear them, or to kill as many British citizens as possible. Their goal was to defend their rights and their growing country. Both of these things characterize a patriot, which is what they truly were. Based on what I believe a true terrorist is, not what the dictionary defines it as; I do not think that the men and women who fought against the British in the American Revolution were Terrorists, but true patriots.One instance of an act that some have considered terrorism was the Boston Tea party. The colonists were upset with the British for the new tax they had to pay with the Tea Act They were reacting to this as a child would react to an unjust punishment placed upon them by a parent. We will write a custom essay sample on Colonists in the American Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They wanted to be noticed and they wanted to have their way. It was not an act inspired by malice but by resentment for unfair treatment by the British crown. They wanted to show the British that they were serious and would not stand to be treated in such ways. Furthermore they were not aiming to kill or physically harm anyone; hey wanted to convince the government to repeal the unfair act. I cannot see how this is an act of terrorism especially when comparing it to other terrorist attacks we see in the world. For example the terrorists behind the 9/1 1 attacks were aiming to kill as many people as possible while causing our country to erupt into a state of panic and chaos. They were not simply dumping tea into a harbor; they were murdering and taking down buildings.By comparing these two events it is plain to see that the Boston Tea Party was not an act of terrorism. One might argue that because the colonists destroyed property that means hat it was an act of terrorism; however terrorism and vandalism are completely different things. The colonists did destroy the property of loyalists and British officials quite a lot. One example was when a mob burned the coach and trashed the home Of Caterwauled Golden, the royal governor Of New York. This was an angry mob committing vandalism again as a reaction to the stamp act.While vandalism certainly not right, it is not an act of terrorism. Today we see vandalism happen all the time, whether it is by an angry mob or fans after an eventful sports match; but never do we consider these vandals restricts. If we consider the damage an angry mob caused back then to be terrorism, then surely we would have to consider it terrorism now as well should we not? While I do not agree with the finalization the colonists did, do not believe that it should be considered an act of terrorism.Another argument one might make in favor of the colonists being terrorists, is that they resorted to violence much to often; however the colonists only resorted to violence after their attempts to peacefully solve their problems did not work. The colonists made it clear to the British go vernment that they id not like the way they were being treated, and asked for a solution to the problem. They sent documents asking them to redress grievances to no avail. One example was the first continental congress.They met to come up with ways to redress the colonial grievances against the British crown. They werent even looking for independence yet, they just wanted to patch things up. They even had a second continental congress where they also asked the British to address grievances. The British refused to listen both times however, and it was after they were denied their rights that the colonists resorted to violent ways. Patrick Henry, a patriot, made a speech during the revolution in which he said Give me liberty or give me death. This shows the undying devotion these people had to defending their rights, freedom, and county. All of the men who protested against the British oppression, fought back, and spoke up for what they believed in were true patriots. They had to go through very drastic measures sometimes, like they did at the Boston Tea party, but they did whatever they could in order to protect what they believed in. They are patriots because of the fierceness they had in their fight for liberty, although hat fierceness sometimes is mistaken for terrorism.Though the colonists did use acts of violence and destruction in their quest for independence, they were not violent enough to be considered on the same level of terrorism. They did not aim to create fear or to viciously kill the British, but to gain the freedom and rights they felt they deserved. They were completely devoted to obtaining and defending their rights and their country which is what earns them the name of patriots. For these reasons, I believe that the colonists fighting in the American Revolution were patriots, not terrorists.

The Outcast Weaver Essay Example For Students

The Outcast Weaver Essay Word Count: 1435The story of Silas Marner is a beautiful, eloquently told story which gives thereader a vived depiction of the period in which it takes place in a rustic villagein England in the 1800s. The story evokes many emotions from the reader as well as teaches some moral lessons about life which are timeless. The authors overall theme is a powerful demonstration of the importance of friendship and love to ones life and the devatating, dehumanizing effect the lack of friendship and love causes. Silas Marner, The Weaver of Raveloe, by George Eliot, is a fictional novel of what becomes of this once respected and esteemed young man, a weaver by trade, after he is framed for a thft by his best friend who them marries his fiancee. It is a poignant story which vividly demostrates the impact the lack of love and friendship has on ones life, and what becomes of Silas as a result of the injustices done to him. Silas Marner, by George Eliot, is a fictional account of a frinedless, reclusive weaver whose only purpose in life is to weave and hoard gold. O once his hold is stolen, he feels totally lost without it. Then mysteriously, this beautiful golden haired baby girl comes into his life in its (the gold guineas) place which marks the rebirth, the journely of Silas Marner back to humanity. This single event redeems his life through his love for the baby and his willingness to care for and take her as his own. The story evokes a lot of emotion from the reader in response to the total injustice of what happened to Silas. First, complete anger as well as sympathy, for the betrayal by his best frined by framing him for a theft and framing him to get his fiancee. As is this was not bad enough, he is deemed huilty by his town, so feels forced to leave. This event nearly destroyed Silas. He moves to a nearby village called Raveloe, where he isnot accepted because he is an outsider, therefore is not to be trusted. and even a settler, if he came from distant parts hardly ever ceased to be viewed with a remnant of distrust, (p.2) One night after his gold had been stolen, Silas mistakes the golden-haired baby girl that crawled into his cottage for his stolen gold guines but soon realizes it is a baby girl. He decides to take care of her as his own child. Things begin to change in Silas life, and this is the turning point of his life. The plot of the story is that Silas Marner, a weaver of linen by trade, is betrayed by his supposed best friend William Dane. He framed Silas for a theft which caused him to basically be driven out of his hometown, losing all that he loved. He was betrayed by his best friend, his friends, his church and his fiancee. He had lost everything including his hometown. He moves to a nearby town called Raveloe where he is looked upon as a strange man with peculiar fits and unusual powers to heal and is basically feared as someonewho is of the occult. He becomes a lonely, reclusive miser who lives to work on his loomhis entire life beomes an endless pursuit to just weave and hoard his gold guineas, it ws all he had. He spent his days just weaving his linen like he was machine. Strangely, Marners face and figure shrank and bent themselves into a constant mechanical relation to the objects of his life, (p.18)So this pattern would continue and for all the linen he would sell, he would keep hoarding the gold and spend almost nothing. (p.18) The gold became the only special thing in his life. Until one night when his gold mysteriously disapperared. What could have happened but a robbery? And who was the thief? Dunstan Cass, the son of Squire Cass, the most important, respected and wealthy man in Raveloe. But Silas has no idea who it was and neither does anyone else. On New Years Eve, he finds himseld at home that night away from the festivities at the Red House. He

My Alert Case free essay sample

Was the first to see the business opportunity in the mobile alerts. The idea was already working well in another channel (Internet). The mobile phone market was growing very quickly. They offered a wide range and tailor-made services. Besides as MyAlert will be the first in the market, the technology investment could became a strength and turn it in an entry barrier, thing that actually happened. For these reasons we can assert that MyAlert was a good business idea. Which is the competitive advantage of MyAlert when it is launched? How the competitive advantage and business model evolves? Why? Is it sustainable? The competitive advantage of MyAlert at the begging was its own technological platform (MAGO). The platform was Valuable because was the core of the business also it was Inimitable, Rareness and Original due to they developed it from the scratch and was the first in the market specifically designed for its business model. We will write a custom essay sample on My Alert Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Content Production Design Packaging 1- Corporate Customers Distribution Sales 2- Other Customers Provision of Infrastructure (Mobile Operators) Looking at the value chain of MyAlet we can see highlight in red their core activity, their platform allowed them to distribute the content throw the network to the final customers, the key was that the platform has a great scalability able to distribute data throw different technology enablers (GMS, GPRS†¦) From the beginning they realized that text alerts could be used to provide customized services for corporate partners exploiting new business opportunities and here we can see a new competitive advantage because the company was able to introduce their investors into its own value chain getting content and a solid customer portfolio. This is a win win situation, the investors provide contents and the MyAlert provides them a new innovative service for them increasing the company revenues as well as turn over for the shareholders, this business model provides feedback itself being able to maintain it in the long run. After the merger MyAlert, which started providing data services for the mobile industry, changed its product portfolio and business model providing technology and mobile marketing services. Thanks to MAGO platform MyAlert was far superior technologically than Buongiorno!. On the other hand appeared a new product â€Å"consumer services† (ring tones, logos†¦) the new company had to adapt its business model including consumer services which soon produced benefits. Also they were able to keep creating new business models as â€Å"Digital Marketing Project†. As we have seen MyAlert is a good example of how a company is able to adapt and survive in a really dynamic environment what changes pretty fast, adapting and creating new business models and investing in technology in order to keep its leading position. Is the merge with Buongiorno! a must or just a good idea? Definitely the merge was a MUST, MyAlert had become a world leader and to keep this status they needed to remain this position in every market, soon they realized that it was impossible to achieve through organic growth. The economical environment was unstable due to the dot com crisis, investors become more demanding looking for positives results in the short term, competitors started to appear and revenues from advertising and m-commerce were reduced due to the economic crisis. All this factors push to Mr. Jorge and his team to look for a similar company with the same goal to join forces and survive in the long term, and this is how they found Buongiorno! And merge in order to keep growing in a very competitive dynamic market.

9 Great Excuses for Missing Work

9 Great Excuses for Missing Work There are tons of valid excuses  for missing work. But it’s not foolproof†¦there are also tons of reasons that are totally not valid, and will likely earn you a trip to the professional dog house. 1. Valid excuse: You’re sick.Invalid excuse: You’re sick with a fever whose only cure is more cowbell.2. Valid excuse: There’s been a death in your family.Invalid excuse: There’s been a death on your favorite TV show.3. Valid excuse: You’re having a personal emergency.Invalid excuse: You’re having a fashion emergency.4. Valid excuse: You fell and injured yourself.Invalid excuse: †¦Running for the ice cream truck. (Just leave that part out.)5. Valid excuse: You’re celebrating a religious holiday.Invalid excuse: Your â€Å"religious holiday† is corroborated only by a weirdly sparse Wiki page that was updated last by someone with your usual screen name.6. Valid excuse: You’re having a childcare crunch.Invalid exc use: You’re having drama because you’re out of Cap’n Crunch.7. Valid excuse: You’re getting married.Invalid excuse: A royal is marrying that beautiful commoner who totally could have been you if only you’d been able to afford that spring break in Luxembourg.8. Valid excuse: The weather is bad, and so are the roads you’d be commuting on.Invalid excuse: Your psychic told you it might snow this afternoon. (And it’s June.)9. Valid excuse: You need a mental health day.Invalid excuse: Your pet needs you at home while he works through some personal issues.

The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Yellow Wallpaper - Essay Example On the other hand, in case The Yellow Wallpaper indicates a note of terrible warning, Gilman is as well extremely concerned with practical resolutions. The narrative, in this well created compilation, stand on end with ingenious means of balancing creative and domestic imperatives. Whereas Bee Wise is in one way or another too weakly utopian for contemporary tastes, stories for instance making a change in that a stressed young wife and bothered mother in law conspire in a reorganization of their daily lives stand stridently sensitive. Gilman’s narratives are emphasized with stubborn hopefulness which is powerfully moving and significance of her subject matter has not reduced. The compilation comes to an end with a number of odds and ends of autobiography, which includes an agonizing narrative on Gilman’s experience of motherhood and postnatal despair. Despite the fact that she is well regarded equally as a writer and a stern feminist thinker, a number of her works came from painful frustrations. She would be disappointed to learn it but more than a century later, her narratives keep hold of their capability to be on fire. Answer to Question from the Handout=thesis Charlotte Gilman’s narrative, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a feminist tale of a lady who is spoken like a child, neglected like a piece of paper and treated medically in a means that is devastating to every sensibility. The tone of this story is therefore saddening, depressing and depicts the extent which women are discriminated and looked down upon in the society by their husbands. This is a reflection of patriarchal oppression that many women go through from husbands with chauvinistic behaviors and stern power in both at home and the society. The horror she withstands starring at the terrible wallpaper every new day is indeed a side effect of her mistreatment and her exasperating lack of satisfaction/contentment, which was not allowed by a fool hardy psychologist and im posed by the patriarchy of her husband. While typically scrutinized as a feminist piece, The Yellow Wallpaper as well offers the reader with a period piece on the attitudes of the medical community on mental illness. Over and above, Gilman presents the readers to a diary of records that perceive an ongoing descent to insanity. John’s understanding of post-partum despair closely bears resemblance to the psychologists of the present day. Post partum despair or more similarly baby blues is in general related to the short term mood disorder which lasts approximately a month. The fact that John has planned a stay of six weeks is either significantly coincidental or highlighted by the extent of renovations or reveals that he has a little understanding of the disorder. On the other hand, the fact that he offers her phosphates and tonics indicates that his dedication to the physical realm of illness. It is therefore not the unfortunate diagnosis of the mood disorder that brings about the lady’s insanity but to a certain extent the mix of John’s practicality to the acute and social pressures that bars her from recuperating. Quote or example from the story which illustrates your answer (thesis): Briefly describe How does that support the idea in the thesis? Explain â€Å"

Counseling a Person with Developmental Disability Essay

Counseling a Person with Developmental Disability - Essay Example These are some of the spheres of life where persons with disabilities are faced with difficult moments.  Ã‚   They are likely to face great challenges when they come to look for a meaningful employment. If they are in wheel chairs, who is likely to employ them and   how do they find a job that will need to be implemented by a person in a wheel chair/ these are some of the most important changes that  Ã‚   they face when they are looking fro employment. In some cases, employers will specify what kin do person they need and they use a criterion which automatically eliminates those will development challenges. Therefore counseling can be important to assist them to get to know where they can find their probable employment despite the kind of disabilities that they may be facing. Disabled people find it hard to get friends. They are few people who are likely to associate with   them and therefore it is only those who   probably have disability who are likely to associate with t hem as such   people with disability are faced with eth enormous challenge of finding   the right kind of people that   they can associate with. (Koscuilek, 2004) They are also faced with the same challenge when it comes to be accepted to their families. In this case disabled people face a hard challenge in gaining acceptance even in their family. Some family will take them as a family disgrace and therefore they will have few family members who can support them in they endeavors. Undergoing a successful counseling will help these people to form a cordial relationship.

Counterterrorism Mid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Counterterrorism Mid - Essay Example Understanding who may potentially attack a specific target also will disclose what tactics might be expected. Additional counter measures can be implemented to deal with group specific threats. In the United States, terrorist threats may be international or domestic. International threats come from groups who perceive the US as too intrusive in their homeland or their economic system. For example, Al-Qaeda has threatened the US because they see the US military bases in the Middle East and the Western capitalist ideas as a direct threat to Islam (Pape, 2003, p.7). Domestic terrorism is carried out by people who have an extremist view on a singular social issue. This is usually the environment, animal rights, or anti-abortion. However, on occasion racist and hate groups may act to diminish another citizen's human rights through the use of terrorism. Traditionally, acts of domestic terrorism were viewed as criminal acts and carried the same judicial implications as any other criminal act. For example, the destruction of a church may have once been viewed as arson and the process and sentence would be implemented accordingly. However, more recent laws and acts have made the motivation for the crime a differentiating factor between crime and terrorism. A person that bombs a corporation could be considered a terrorist if they did so as an act of social protest or part of an activist group. This gives law enforcement greater powers to gather evidence and investigate. In addition, the label of terrorism carries with it more severe sentencing. Fighting terrorism is a combination of law enforcement and counter-terrorism. Typical law enforcement techniques are used to analyze a crime scene, but the investigation and disruption of terrorist activity is unique to terrorism. If the crime is linked to international terrorism, the perpetrator may forfeit certain constitutional rights and the right to due process. Under the Bush administration policies, a person committing a crime that is linked to Al-Qaeda can be labeled an enemy combatant, rather than simply a criminal. This gives the government the power to hold them indefinitely without a trial and suspend the right to habeas corpus. The government can additionally justify 'sneak and peek' searches of their residence and the homes of their associates that may become suspect. Their communications can be monitored and their personal records seized. 3.) The Nature of Surveillance The war on terror and modern technology has combined to totally revolutionize the nature of surveillance. Surveillance used to involve watching a person, tailing them, and monitoring their activities. Police could also wiretap their telephone with sufficient probable cause to be able to get a warrant. However, technology has made everyone's communications more accessible than ever before. The use of cell phones and electronic financial records has made it easier to monitor or locate a subject. In addition, the war on terror has made courts more sympathetic to law enforcement and have eased some of the tight restriction on getting a warrant. These changes, when taken together, have a great potential to impede the civil

Self Assessment Reflective Essay

Self Assessment Reflective Essay Good writing is important skill for young people, as it is a predictor of academic success, for successful career and a basic requirement for participation in civic life. (Murray 2004). Most contexts of life (school, the workplace, and the community) call for some level of writing skill, and each context makes overlapping, but not identical, demands. Proficient writers can adapt their writing flexibly to the context in which it takes place. That is why all students need to become proficient and flexible writers. Finding a good topic is one of the hardest parts of learning to write. And, unfortunately, every writer runs into it right at the beginning. Thats why it is necessary to know strategies that will always give many good topics to choose from. In all subject areas, a student needs to develop skills for getting what they know about a topic down on paper, and generating ideas or finding additional facts. He also needs skills to check whether their writing is on-topic and fulfills its purpose. Further, they need to be able to explain the writing assignment and the process they are following to effectively complete the assignment. To write a good essay a student needs to know how to organize what they have learned about any topic or assignment into a well-structured whole. In longer writing assignments, he needs to know how to create a strong, focused introduction that catches the readers interest; how to link ideas in logically connected paragraphs that contain enough supporting detail; and how to conclude with a strong ending. It is difficult to start writing an essay, for example, without a central idea and notes to support it. Often, the more detailed an outline, the easier is the writing. People frequently find that they can finish faster by writing a first draft quickly and then editing and revising this draft. In my opinion students learn to write by writing, so they need regular opportunities at school and colleges to write in all subjects. A consistent approach to the writing process in all subject areas and explicit instruction on the writing process by the subject teacher help students become better writers. Models of good writing in the subject area, and feedback that is constructive and formative, are critical to students growth as writers. The pre-writing strategies Writing is the final step of several separate acts like note-taking, identifying a central idea, outlining, drafting and editing. The first step is pre-writing that is the formulation and organization of ideas preparatory to writing. (Murray 2004) Speaking about the pre-writing strategies, I can say that pre-writing engages in activities designed to help them generate or organize ideas for the essay and very important that it improves the quality of their writing. Pre-writing activities include gathering possible information for a paper through reading or developing a visual representation of their ideas before sitting down to write. (Pattison 2006) There are many effective practices in the process of pre-writing. For me it was important to create a topic by using various methods, such as listing and brainstorming. My pre-writing activities included planning before writing, reading necessary literature, organizing pre-writing ideas, writing an outline to a topic and then plan the work in advance. I have chosen the free writing strategy. It means that I set a time limit and wrote without stopping, and when the time was up, I looked at what I had written and determined which idea seemed most significant. After that I pointed the important insights and ideas with which to work. The writing process For the writing class I chose the topic of Self assessment because this topic is interesting for me and the audience for many reasons: First of all because the self-assessment is important to define clearly the progress of personal development ; The audience is interested in psychology because it is always interesting to get acquainted with ones self-assessment to be able to avoid pitfalls of self-assessment made by others in the course of their own self-assessment; process of self-assessment is always a challengeable task, because people always attempt to conduct a self-assessment but they do not always succeed, as it is closely connected with the inadequate self-esteem or self-awareness. In the whole the writing process involves generating ideas, developing and organizing the ideas, and revising and editing them. Effective writers do all these stages for the best result, so that the writing achieves its purpose. (Murray 2004) When writing the essay I had the next goals: To write well-organized paragraphs for different subject areas, with supporting details; to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic; to spot main ideas and support details. Writing an essay is a very private process, as it shows your own writing style, your thoughts and vision of the topic. It was very important not only to follow the topic, but also to show the right order of thoughts and material so that it flowed from one area, to follow a logical order. Each part of the essay should follow on the previous parts, and the whole body of the essay should clearly come to the conclusion. I tried in my essay to Essay writing requires to use both creative and critical thinking. Creative thinking encouraged me to broaden my ideas, while critical thinking encouraged me to narrow the focus of my ideas on the main topic of the essay. All these strategies helped me to organize my essay in the best way, so it would be interesting and understandable for the audience.

Mechanomyography (MMG) :: essays research papers

MMG simply stated, is the sound that resonates from the muscle during a stimulated contraction. The act of pulling on a taught string and letting go has been related to model the sound generated by the muscle. This sound can be caused by the cycling of the actin myosin cross bridges, or perhaps by the gross lateral shift of the muscle, or maybe even the brief shock generated by the thickening of several active muscle fibers. These are three of the hypothesis that try to account for the sound emitted from the muscle. The exact cause of mechanomyography is yet to be determined, but there are a few attributes that can be spoken for. It is understood that ‘the muscle sound is related to muscle activity and its properties are related to the properties of the contraction.’ (8) The main frequency of MMG is 25 Hertz, British physicist, chemist, and physician William Wollaston determined this. This can possibly be attributed to the ATP turnover rate. ATP can hydrolyze and refurb ished at a rate of about 40msec, which translates into 25Hertz. (8,10)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The MMG signal can be recorded using a variety of transducers. One is the piezoelectric crystal contact sensor (microphone). Some researchers have used a hydrophone in studies when the muscle was submerged in water in vivo, others have used condensers.(11) It will be discussed later some of the differences between the types.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Factors that influence the MMG signal can include stiffness of the muscle, fluid in an around the muscle, temperature of the tissue, fiber type, gender, technique and equipment used, type of contraction performed, amount of fatigue, and cross talk between muscles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stiffness can alter the MMG by lowering the amplitude. As the muscle produces a greater force the stiffness of the muscle increases linearly with the force increase. When subject reaches 80 – 100% of MVC this stiffness can cause the amplitude of the signal to decrease due to the fusion of motor unit twitches, which will limit the oscillation.(2) This stiffness can also be attributed when talking about the different types of contraction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Types of contraction have been shown to provoke different amounts of peak torque. Eccentric forms of contraction elicit greater force production than that of concentric. This could cause a greater stiffness in the muscle during eccentric contractions, which could lower the MMG. Also there is the mechanism behind the contraction that could be the factor.

Comparison Between Always and Tonight I Can Write

The poems by Pablo Neruda that I chose to analyze are complete opposites. In â€Å"Always† he describes his feelings for a woman and how they are forever. In â€Å"Tonight I Can Write†, Neruda writes about the end of a relationship, the end of love. His descriptions are very vivid in both poems, vivid enough that they make the reader feel what the writer is feeling. In Pablo Neruda’s â€Å"Always† the narrator is trying to express his feelings for the woman he loves. He starts the poem starts by telling his loved one that he is â€Å"not jealous of what came before me†(line 1-2), the relationships she had before. I believe he starts with this sentiment because he wants his loved one to know and fully understand that he loves her completely and regardless of her previous relationships. He compares her previous relationships with other men to pieces of them left behind in her body and he still maintains that he loves her unconditionally. The narrator tells the woman he loves to go to the place where he is waiting for her and that they will always be just the two of them. My interpretation of the last sentences of the poem is that he will always stand by her and is anxious to start their life together. In â€Å"Tonight I Can Write†, the narrator begins by saying he can finally write the saddest lines. He uses distance to explain why he can finally write the saddest lines. He compares the distance between him and his former loved one to the distance to the stars in the shattered night sky. He begins explaining his relationship by saying â€Å"I loved her, and sometimes she loved me too†(6); I understand with this statement that their relationship has ended and although it was not a serious one, I feel that he wanted it to be. This sentence makes me think that that he was more committed to the relationship than she was. The narrator alternating between past and present makes me think that he has not completely accepted the fact that the relationship is over. The narrator references the stars in the night sky, and mentions that without his loved one, the night sky seems even bigger. The narrator flashes back to nights in which he was with his loved one and reminisces about kissing her â€Å"again and again under the endless sky† (8). He continues to say that when he remembers that does not have her anymore, when he feels that he lost her; those thoughts give him the inspiration to write the saddest lines. His feeling of loneliness is emphasized by the â€Å"immense night, still more immense without her† (13). The narrator does not analyze his relationship or why it ended, the only thing that he considers worth mentioning is that the relationship did in fact end. When he says â€Å"the night is starry and she is not with me† (16), I understand that he is accepting the fact that life continues even though his relationship was over. I find these two poems to be so different and so much alike at the same time. In both poems Neruda’s sentiments are straightforward, honest and heartfelt. Always† describes the joys of being in love and that love being corresponded; while â€Å"Tonight I Can Write† describes the heartache of ending a relationship and still longing for the other person. In both poems the author uses vivid descriptions to make the reader feel what he feels, see what he sees and imagine what he imagines. For example, in â€Å"Always†, he compares the woman he loves to a river and the men in her relationship past to â€Å"drowned men†, I can see this image clearly in my mind and feel undeniable love and acceptance. In the second poem, â€Å"Tonight I Can Write†, the imagery used by the author makes me feel his pain, his sadness and emptiness. When the author says â€Å"my sight tries to find her as though to bring her closer†, I can feel his desire to be with her; I can feel his pain. I feel his loneliness as he remembers the woman he loved and the sadness he experienced and is still experiencing due to his relationship ending. The last sentences in both poems are complete opposites of each other. For example in â€Å"Always† the last sentences convey his happiness and eagerness to start their life as a couple: Bring them all o where I am waiting for you; we shall always be alone, we shall always be you and I alone on earth to start our life! (11-16) These last sentences reiterate the fact that the author does not care about the past men in his loved one’s life; he truly loves her and wants to spend the rest of his live with her. Her past does not concern him; all he cares about is the present and the future. In â€Å"Tonight I Can Write†, the last sentences convey a sense of sadness and resignation. I even sense a bit of anger and determination to stop feeling this sadness he feels every time he remembers her: I no longer love her, that's certain, but maybe I love her. Love is so short, forgetting is so long. Because through nights like this one I held her in my arms my soul is not satisfied that it has lost her. Though this be the last pain that she makes me suffer and these the last verses that I write for her. † (27-32) These final sentences tell me that the author is trying to convince himself that he no longer loves her. He states it does not take long for a person to fall in love but forgetting seems to take forever. It is not easy to forget. It is easier to love someone than to forget them. He still remembers the nights when she would rest in his arms and feels unhappy with the fact that he has lost this woman. He ends the poem by stating that after he finalizes the poem, he will no longer feel pain nor miss her; after he finishes the final â€Å"verse† he will move on and find happiness with someone else. The theme in both poems is distance and love. In â€Å"Always† he is telling his loved one to come meet him; he is waiting for her. In â€Å"Tonight I Can write† he relieves moments of joy from his relationship, only to come to terms that his relationship is over and that he is waiting for her. The narrator’s sadness in â€Å"Tonight I Can Write† it’s so overwhelming that I can feel it so much to the point that I can imagine myself living what he is living. In my opinion Pablo Neruda is an exceptional writer that always writes from the heart and is fully committed to making his readers feel what he feels. I have not found a Neruda poem I do not like. His imagery is so vivid, that I can clearly see in my mind the night sky and see the river full of drowned men. I can feel his love in â€Å"Always† almost as If I were feeling it myself. In â€Å"Tonight I Can Write† I can feel his sadness to the point that I feel brokenhearted and angry. In conclusion, these two poems are both beautiful in their own special way. â€Å"Always† is beautiful in the sense that the narrator reminds us of the joys of a new relationship; while â€Å"Tonight I Can Write† is a reminder that although ending a relationship is sad and at the moment it seems like the end of the world, life continues and one should try to be happy always.

Writing You Can Sell on Etsy

Writing You Can Sell on Etsy For many writers, writing is not just a way to pay the bills, but also a craft and an art form. What better way to pay bills more effectively than marketing that craft and art on Etsy, the e-commerce website dedicated to crafters and artists? As a sales platform, Etsy promotes unique craft and vintage items, and good writers can offer a range of products suitable for this marketplace without needing to be experts at handicrafts or antiquing. Written crafts that can be sold on Etsy include: Customized Letters: Letters from Santa are the most popular, but other customized letters from fictional fairies and holiday characters can also sell reasonably well. Offer personalization in each letter and use colorful stationery and fonts for more appeal. Take care to avoid copyrighted items, however, such as mascots or other trademarked characters. Poetry: A thoughtful poem can be an ideal gift when paired with an inspirational or related photograph, and writers can team up with photographers to offer unique items. Other poetry options include customized cards or verses for use with weddings or memorials. Toasts: Like poetry, personalized toasts are ideal crafts that writers are in a unique position to offer. A few detailed questions can offer enough personal insight for a thoughtful and creative toast perfect for a wedding, job promotion, new ba Templates: Writers often create custom newsletter, brochure or other templates for clients, and selling customized templates on Etsy can be lucrative. Theme templates for different types of craft-oriented businesses and offer writing services along with the template for even more sales, but be sure not to offer templates that are already in use Resumes: Resume writing can be big business, and experienced resume writers can offer their craft at reasonable prices through this online marketplace. Just like templates, the resumes should be personalized and finely customized to suit each clients needs, and different general themes can be offered for different sales. Books: Novelists and book authors can take advantage of Etsy Getting started on Etsy does take a financial commitment, just as writing requires you to purchase office supplies, business cards and other equipment. Registering and buying on Etsy are free, but selling items costs $.20 per listing (listings last four months or until the item sells, whichever is first), plus a 3.5% fee on the sales price. Those costs are easy business deductions, however, and can quickly be covered with profits from individual sales. When you make your first sale, the potential profits dont stop with just the one item youve sold. Enclose a business card or promotional bookmark with each package, and include your website or blog information with every listing. Slowly but surely you will build a unique platform for your writing and will advertise your business to an unusual but no less profitable niche of customers and clients.

pumpkin essays

pumpkin essays It was the summer of 2002 before I had moved to Maine. The And1 Mixtape tour has just begun and was coming to downtown Atlanta for the weekend of June 14-16 Friday, Saturday and Sunday. On Friday they would be going to places like the Lennox Mall or Mall of Georgia for autograph sessions and other fun activities. I wasnt even going to bother going their because of the millions and millions of people with hot sweaty breaths that were going to be crowded together to meet the And1 players. On Saturday they would have open runs which meant that anybody who thinks they can compete against the And1 players could showcase their talent but again I wasnt going to bother doing that either. I have skills but come on theirs lots of talented athletes who can dunk on you brutally and make you look like an idiot. On Sunday they would have a game where the and 1 players show off their skills and give the crowd a show worth their money. Im a huge fan of the NBA but street ball which And1 is tot ally different and more exuberant. Street Ball has circus type dunks and killer crossovers which sometime can break a person ankles because of the degree the move was performed in. I was definitely going to this tour because I have seen all the And 1 Mixtape videos from vol 1-3 and now that it was coming to my home town there was no way on gods green earth I was going to miss this. As soon as I went home I called up my best friend: Briiiiiiiiing brrrriiiing, brrrrrrrrrriiiing, Khalid: Yo son you wont believe who iz coming to the phillips arena Khalid: Hot sauce and the rest of the ankle breakin folks Al: Yo, foreal dont be playin like that Khalid: Yo Im serious put that on everything cuz Al: Da** , you know that sh** going to be of the hizzel fo Shizzel. Im definitely their , how much it be to get in Khalid: Sh** the open run is free, but to watch the game I think it be about 25 bucks Al: Sh** , Fu** that ...

Why Should You invest in Apple Stock Term Paper

Why Should You invest in Apple Stock - Term Paper Example According to Chronicle Staff Writer, Kim (2010), Apple, the innovative challenger to dominant Microsoft and second most valuable company in the United States after Exxon Mobil, has passed its rival in market capitalization, becoming the most valued technology company in the world (Kim). Apple Company needs no introduction to the industrial world now. Surpassing of Microsoft in market capitalization is not an easy task and it reflects the capabilities of Apple Company in the international market. Even though earlier Apple concentrated more on the computer and operating system market, they have already started to enter the consumer electronics market world by diversifying their portfolios with the help of iPods, iPhones, mobile phones and different kinds of portable electronic devices. In share market also the growth of Apple is more visible and evident. Even when some of the major companies struggled to survive because of recession, Apple stood out among them and escaped without much damage because of their superior range of products. Investments are stock is one of the most popular ways of making money. But the recent recession resulted in many people losing their money because of the destruction of the share value. Now people are approaching the stock market with hesitancy. The scope of this report is limited to a discussion on Apple Company, its stock value, present and future growth prospects, a comparison of Apple with some of the competitors etc. Moreover, many of the people may not notice that Apple has already crossed even Microsoft in its market capitalization.

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Plan - Essay Example 2. Name of the Ethical Business I would name my transport business as Comfy Travelling Agencies, since it corresponds to services offered in the industry, and strategy and set of laws central to the provision of services. 3. Mission Statement for Ethical Business The mission statement, for the ethical business I have selected states, â€Å"Comfy Travelling Agencies† aims at providing quality and affordable transport services to society† (Stephenson & Thurman, 2007, 34). 4. Business and Market Description My written business description for business and market are a business review, history, position and amenities, legal company outline and the proprietors. The business is motivated by the desire to have an enhanced bus transport service to offer, and cater for all stakeholders needs. My business offers quality and reasonably priced transport facilities to all the societal members. The business serves the society at any time of the day, since it also operates at night. Th e choice for the selection of transportation business environment will consider the significance of the location to the business; since, rent will be charged in the business operational environment. Consequently, the location should suitable for achieving business goals. My location choice for the business would be in Montana, USA. The facilities that would be available to the business are free access roads in the region and freedom from government tax systems (Audi, 2009, 44). Set of laws and regulations controlling the business operation will be clearly stated, and the Oder of command in the industry will be straight (Miller & Cross, F2011, 76). I will be the main business proprietor, since I will be the one funding the whole operation. I will also be the one with the idea of how the industry is to be managed. 5. Goals Objectives Actions Timing Short term The company’s short term business goal is to provide an affordable transport system to the town’s population, whi ch will solve the town’s undisciplined transport operators managing the company in an exploitative way. 1-6 months Mid term The mid term business goal is to retain the company’s entire staff, and motivate them to yield a high quality customer satisfaction and increased profit making in the company. 7-11 months Long term The company’s long term goals are gratifying the customers’ needs by improving on the quality and expanding the business to other key town after a year. 1-2 years 5. SMART Objectives for the Business Smart objectives will assist the transport business to realize the accomplishment of shot term plans and motivate the staff in achieving long term objectives. Specific The business objective is to earn customers loyalty within the first two months of operation. The reason for the objective is to create a secure liaison with clients and maintain them for a long time. The drives and the customer care department are involved in attaining the obje ctive. The site where the target is to be achieved is on the roads where clients are transported various localities. The driver should drive safely and timely to ensure that customers are on schedule with their plans for the day. Measurable The objective would be measurable, since, the number of clients travelling with the companies’ buses will be documented in a daily basis. The data will be tallied at the end of the first month to confirm whether

Human Aanatomy and Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Aanatomy and Physiology - Essay Example Human males are capable of producing sperm throughout their lives that numbers in the millions. In females however, eggs are produced only in the hundreds. In fact, when females are still in utero, they produce all of the eggs that they will produce in a lifetime. These eggs then enter into Prophase I and stay dormant in this state until such time that the female begins puberty. At this time, eggs may continue undergoing meiosis to completion. This takes place with each egg one by one until menopause, resulting in monthly cycles until then. It is also important to note that not all of a female’s eggs will ever resume meiosis. Some will simply be reabsorbed by her body. In addition, at time of menstruation, the female will release one egg from the ovaries into the uterus to await fertilization. Males on the other hand have millions of sperm that can be released in mass proportion upon each ejaculation. The pathway taken by sperm as they leave the testes and travel through the body is as follows: sperm originate in the seminal vesicles which are located at the bladder’s base. Each seminal vesicle is joined with a vas deferens in order to form an ejaculatory duct. These ducts are fused with the urethra. During the path taken from the vasa deferentia into the urethra, the sperm acquire a thick, alkaline liquid. This liquid id provided by the prostate and is a nutrient rich solution for the health and motility of the traveling sperm. Upon ejaculation, the bulbourethral glands emit a mucous like secretion, followed by expulsion of sperm from the male body. The structure and function of male accessory glands are as follows: male accessory glands are composed of the ductus deferens, the epididymis, the urethra and the ejaculatory duct. This is a network of ducts in which the sperm travels to get from inside the body (the testes) to the outer portion of the body (the penis). The

Moral Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Moral Philosophy Essay Hare uses the â€Å"indirect† version of utilitarianism. Hare believes that individuals can deliberate at the intuitive level. In dire situations where there is no time to evaluate decisions on a critical level, intuition maybe used to commit most acts. Direct utilitarianism follows a rigid rules approach to utilitarianism. Hare’s approach implies that certain acts done intuitively will become moral because the decision was made on a gut level instinct instead of simply following a set of rules. Hare attempts to distinguish his theories from â€Å"crude† or direct utilitarianism. However, it would seem that he does not remove the problems of direct utilitarianism, but he manages to create new ones. â€Å"An act (for act utilitarians) or rule (for rule utilitarians) is right if and only if the act or rule maximizes the utility of all persons (or sentient beings). † 1 Following the direct utilitarianism approach, there is no flexibility for human emotion or consequences. In addition, there is no true definition of what is right for all persons. An example would be a decision by a surgeon in an emergency room to save the life of an elderly priest or that of a young man that was in a terrible car accident. By the direct utilitarianism approach, the surgeon would have to ascertain what would be best for all persons. Such a decision would realistically be made deliberation and gut instinct. The direct utilitarianism approach does not answer what is best for everyone in this type of circumstance. The problem with Hare’s approach is one can prove virtually any moral dilemma with custom tailored and non-realistic circumstances where gut instinct would be used as the determining factor for the situation. There are no set guidelines for defining what is moral for these extenuating circumstances. Hare in general often speaks about conflicting desires, and he seems to adhere to Plato’s notion that being good coincides with being informed. What Hare fails to address is that some individuals might desire to do evil. Hare presumes that the individual is going to conform to the standards of society and use deliberation to not commit heinous and horrific acts. With the direct utilitarianism approach, individuals will act for the good of everyone thus more likely to conform to moral restrictions placed upon them by society. Hare’s approach states that individuals will follow gut instinct to do what is moral but at the same time Hare’s approach calls for individuals to follow deliberation when making some decisions. For the individual that is a sociopath, Hare’s response would be that the sociopath would â€Å"condemn those desires at a critical level†. 2 With the assumption of individual conformity to the group’s standard, Hare is contracting his gut instinct part of the decision making progress. Hare argues that direct utilitarianism cannot accommodate political rights because the government is an institutional set of rules and regulations. Direct utilitarianism assumes that the government knows what is best for the majority. Hare’s approach would require the individual to deliberate as to follow the rules set forth by the government. Using Hare’s approach it would be ethical for an individual to refuse to pay taxes or speed on the highway because there would’ve been a deliberation and analysis based on the critical level of thinking. Hare’s approach is more direct utilitarianism on the political issues because the individual will most likely make a choice that is inherently good for everyone to avoid negative consequences such as a speeding ticket or imprisonment. Each decision or choice that the individual makes results in some type of consequence. Hare’s approach to indirect utilitarianism does not address consequences. The direct utilitarianism addresses consequences because the individual is going to follow rules that are set forth for the good of the whole. Direct utilitarianism requires conformity to societal standards to maximize individual happiness. Hare’s approach requires that the individual deliberate and make a decision. Yet, the other part of his approach requires the individual to follow gut instinct while conforming to good of the whole to make an ethical decision. Instead of refuting the direct utilitarianism approach, Hare is supporting the notion that we all have a set of rules that we inherently follow. To strictly follow Hare’s approach to indirect utilitarianism, society would be in total chaos because virtually any circumstance can be manipulated to appear as though the individual was following instinct and thus making a moral decision. There are no overall guidelines for extenuating circumstances with Hare’s approach to indirect utilitarianism. Hare creates more chaos in trying to refute the direct utilitarianism approach instead of providing solid arguments for the nature of human beings and ethical decisions.

The Criminal Is Not Solely Responsible for His Crime Essay -- Exposito

Clarence Darrow in his "Address Delivered to the Prisoners in the Chicago County Jail," presents a convincing argument for the complicity of society with the criminal. In essence, Darrow believes that when one man steals from another, the community is as culpable as the criminal, since no man who "already had plenty of money in his own pocket" (82) would risk his life and liberty to rob or steal from another. According to Darrow, the root of the problem lies in poverty and the hoarding of wealth by a handful of people who become rich by exploiting the poor through cheap labor, or by appealing to their vices. It is interesting to note that during hard times crime increases. Particularly, periods of high inflation, or unusually cold winters. That’s when people cannot afford to pay high heating bills. Faced with no choices and an adverse situation, criminals literally "break into jail" (82) because it is better than being on the outside. Case in point: homeless people. I saw a homeless man in downtown LA, with a hospital band on his arm, deliberately provoke a security guard into calling the police. After the police arrived, the homeless man calmed down and quietly entered the squad car, cordially waving at the security guard. It was a cold rainy day. Clearly the homeless guy found L. A. County Jail preferable to the streets. Another example involves habitual criminals who become "institutionalized." This point was poignantly dramatized in the movie "Shawshank Redemption." The character played by Morgan Freeman contemplated suicide after release from prison because he had been institutionalized for so long that he no longer had coping skills for the outside world. That is, until offered a real "chance to live" (83) by his fello... ...would understand justice, how shall you unless you look upon all deeds in the fullness of light? Only then shall you know that the erect and the fallen are but one man standing in twilight between the night of his pigmy-self and the day of his god-self. And that the corner-stone of the temple is not higher than the lowest stone in its foundation" (46-47). The criminal is not solely responsible for his crime. There is much truth in the maxim "No man is an island. No man stands alone. Each man is my brother. Each man is my friend." Â   Â   WORKS CITED Bland, Bobby "Blue" "Poverty" Epic Records, 1967 Burr, John R. and Milton Goldinger, "Philosophy and Contemporary Issues (Prentice Hall) 1995. Gibran, Kahlil "The Prophet" (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.) 1997. Pages 42-47. Hugo, Victor "Les Miserables" Miller, Alice "For Your Own Good" (Farrar, Strauss & Giroux) 1990.

Both ‘Of Mice And Men’ and ‘The Mayor Of Casterbridge’ end in Tragedy Essay

Both ‘Of Mice And Men’ and ‘The Mayor Of Casterbridge’ end in Tragedy. In what ways and to what extent do the characters in the novels contribute to their own downfall? Discuss the importance of dreams In this essay I intend to explore the ways in which each main protagonist contributes to their own downfall. Both Michael Henchard and Lennie Small were the main focus in each novel, and both had a major dream, this was obvious from the outset. As well as dreams, I believe that fate had a large role to play in both the novels. It known that Thomas Hardy already explored the idea of fate and wrote this. â€Å"It is not the improbabilities of incident that matter, but the improbabilities of character that matter.† He explains in this quote that the fate of that person is what changes future occurrences, and that this is the overriding factor. I believe that Hardy in particular used these ideas in his novel, I will explore fully whether Steinbeck used these ideas aswell. Steinbeck’s novel was set in the great depression, and this is noticeable throughout the story. And is set at a time when ‘The Great American Dream’ was prevalent in society, Lennies dreams represent those of the American public at the time. Lennies major dream is not only to own a ranch in the country, but to tend rabbits in the garden. â€Å"I’d wish’t we’d get the rabbits pretty soon† Lennies dream is very simple. This is for a variety of reasons. The main one being that he is mentally handicapped, and knew not of what life could hold for him. In contrast to this, The Mayor of Casterbridge offers a more complex view to a dream. The chapter when Henchard sells to wife to the sailor makes Henchard make a solemn vow to never drink again, and also to make something better of himself. This is his dream. A difference between the two novels is that Henchards dream is realised whereas Lennies is not. Henchard manages to relieve himself of alcohol for twenty-one years and becomes The Mayor of Casterbridge. Lennie on the other hand has an unrealistic aim in life; to own the rabbits in such a state was unreachable. We can look at many downfalls. I feel that the major contribution is the death of the main woman in each novel. Lennie kills Curley’s wife, who remains nameless throughout the novel, in a panic. Her death directly leads to Lennies death. Whereas Henchards death is a slow gradual process caused for many reasons affecting him. It is however similar in the way that both protagonists cause or contribute to the two women’s deaths. â€Å"Lennie was in a panic. His face was contorted, she screamed then, and Lennies hand closed over her mouth and nose.† Lennies lack of control of himself was directly responsible for his death. Henchard died because of a death also, this time a seizure to his love Lucetta, which was also involving Henchard. Lucetta’s death was the final blow to Henchard’s deteriorating life. â€Å"Tis me, A procession – a scandal – an effigy of me, and him!† Lucetta and Henchard already had a relationship before their second encounter in Casterbridge. This where the idea of fate is introduced. It was this earlier encounter that persuaded Henchard to pursue an interest in Lucetta. I believe that this was fate, and Hardy suggests this very strongly. It is easy to mix fate with irony and I believe that this is relevant to ‘Of Mice and Men’. I believe that the coincidental meeting of Curley’s wife and Lennie can be related to the encounter of Lucetta and Henchard. I also believe that this is Steinbeck using dramatic irony and not him exploring fate. We can also look at the style of each novelist. Thomas Hardy goes into great detail in all of the events in the book, and includes much deeper descriptions of happenings within the novel. He also explored many more with ideas to do with fate. In contrast to this, Steinbeck’s style contains fewer descriptive sentences, and tells things like they are, In fact he originally named the novel ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.’. The book is also far shorter and has less space to analyse situations in as much detail as Hardy does. In each case, there was deciding factor that sped up the rate of their downfall. It was Lennie’s lack of ability to control his temperament, which, when provoked could lead to him causing terrible injury to his ‘opponent’ as it were in Curley’s case. George however held the ability to counteract Lennies temper. â€Å"Leggo his hand Lennie, Leggo†¦ Suddenly Lennie let go his hand.† Lennie’s inability to remove himself from his panicked state of mind by himself causes Curley’s wife’s death, and his own demise. The Factor that sped up Henchard’s downfall was when the townspeople of Casterbridge found out about his ‘drunkard’ past. As the old Furmity woman told the townspeople everything while being at a trial which Henchard was acting as judge. Henchard could only agree with the woman’s words, and try and cope with the lack of respect that was placed by the townspeople. The obvious main downfall of Lennie was that he killed a Curley’s wife, even though it was not what he meant to do, while in The Mayor of Casterbridge, the obvious main contributor to Henchard’s down fall was his terrible past. From the exact moment when the townspeople found out he had sold his wife and daughter in a drunken rage, they lost all trust in him, and his reputation was left in shatters. In Of Mice and Men, Lennie’s great strength causes him problems, as he uses it in the wrong way. In Weed the town he had worked in before, he had been hunted down for molesting a woman, but all he was doing was ‘petting’ her dress because it felt good to him. When she tried to get away he ‘petted’ harder and became panicked and angry, luckily for her she did manage to escape his innocent grasp; and luckily for Lennie and George they managed to escape the ranch workers: â€Å"An you ain’t gonna do no bad things like you did in Weed, neither† â€Å"They run us outa Weed† Lennie also forgets the bad things he has done in the past. George had to remind that he had done ‘a bad thing’ in Weed, so any anger or panic that he has is soon forgotten. When Curley’s wife walked in to talk to him, just before her death, he had just accidentally killed his puppy. All the panic and anger was still in his mind when she walked in, so when he started ‘petting’ her hair and she wanted him to stop. He was panicking even more than he would have been, as a direct result of the frustration of killing the puppy. So the death of the dog being so close to when he was panicking over Curley’s wife’s hair, contributes to the panic and anger, which caused him to kill her, and cause his own demise. Yet again we find out that Lennies mental state and how he loves to pet things contributes to his downfall, it is also his strength that kills the puppy itself. However in The Mayor of Casterbridge it is not Henchard’s strength that is a problem, but his decision to hire Donald Farfrae, who was on his way to America. Henchard quickly changed his mind and employed him, as he was an excellent businessman. The rewards of his work soon came through, but after Henchards past was brought to public attention, the townspeople looked to Farfrae to become Mayor and gain their trust. If Henchard had not employed Farfrae, then the townspeople would have no one to look to place their trust and respect. So by employing Farfrae he had given himself an enemy, without him the townspeople would not have found a better man than Henchard to be Mayor. When Susan and Elizabeth Jane return to Weydon-Priors, and ask the furmity woman if she knows where Michael Henchard went after he sold them in the drunken auction, this conversation leads to Henchards past leaking out. As it is ironic how at this point she does not know much about his whereabouts or stature, but soon she causes him to lose his reputation and position within Casterbridge. If Susan had stayed with the sailor Newson and not tried to find Henchard, then his past may have stayed secret for a longer time if not forever. So what seemed to be a good event to Henchard did indeed come at the price of revealing his past, which lead to his tragedy Another one of Lennie’s downfalls is inability to stand up for himself. This is illustrated by George and the way he stands up for him in front of any with authority. â€Å"Well, I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy. I just like to know what your interest is† I believe that George’s Commandment over Lennie disables Lennies right to stand up for himself, thus leading to Lennie’s inability to stand up to Curly which is also one of his downfalls. A comparison to this can be made to ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’ in the way that Farfrae’s superiority cripples Henchard. This is true even though Farfrae holds great respect for Henchard at the beginning; much like George does for Lennie. In Of Mice and Men, the character Candy gave Lennie and George false hope; as they dreamed to work on and own their own ranch, Candy offered to pay a great deal of money towards it. The reason for doing this was that his dog was shot because it was too old to work, and he feared that the same fate was to be given to him. He tried to counteract this fate by taking part in what he had already called an unrealistic dream. Every damn one of ’em’s got a little piece of land in his head. An’ never a God damn one of ’em ever gets it. This seemed to be his only way out of the situation. This false hope gave George less money to earn to accomplish his dream and so less working time on Curley’s dad’s ranch, he also gave Lennie more freedom and didn’t watch him as closely as he should have. As one day when out Lennie almost killed Crooks, the stable buck, because he said something bad concerning George. This is how fragile Lennie’s temperament was, and so George should have been more responsible and watched him closely, if he had Curley’s wife would not have died, as George would have been there to stop it happening. Lennie is so dependent on George’s every word that he cannot do anything without George’s approval. Henchard tells Elizabeth Jane that she is his daughter, which he knows not to be true, as Susan had told him this in a letter after she had died. Having Elizabeth Jane believing this meant that she was more affectionate towards him, and tried to win over his love as her father. Unfortunately while mourning at her mother’s grave she met Lucetta, who employed her, and also tried to restart the past relationship with Henchard. If Elizabeth Jane had not met Lucetta then Lucetta would not have met Henchard again, meaning that she would not have died and caused more tragedy in Henchard’s life. Henchard then ran into Newson the sailor, who was Elizabeth Jane’s father, and told him that she was dead. The guilt of telling this lies hung over him, and by this time he was bankrupt, Lucetta was dead, Susan was dead, and he had almost lost Elizabeth Jane. This guilt becomes much worse as on Farfrae and Elizabeth Jane’s wedding day Newson is there and has told her the truth about which her father was. Michael having been on bad terms with her anyway, realises what has happened, so instead of trying to make peace with her he leaves. In Of Mice and Men Lennie shows no guilt in killing Curley’s wife as after he has done it all he cares about is not that he has just killed someone, but that he won’t be able to tend to his rabbits anymore: â€Å"George gonna say I done a bad thing. He ain’t gonna let me tend no rabbits.† Lennie is handicapped, so instead of thinking about what he has done he cares more about not being able to tend to his rabbits. Further more all he thinks about after this is what George told him to do if anything bad happened: â€Å"An he said†¦an hide in the brush till he come.† Lennie is unable to deal with any ‘bad things’ which he has done, and he has to rely on George’s every word to get him out of a mess, these two factors contribute greatly to why his life ended in tragedy. Fate could be seen to have much to do with both of the novels, firstly the definition is: â€Å"A force that predetermines events† In both novels fate played its part, for instance if Henchard had not kept Farfrae in Casterbridge, but let him go to America, would Henchard have failed so badly, or at all. This rivalry is a key part of the novel. If Curley’s wife had not gone to see Lennie in the barn that day, she would have lived. If Elizabeth Jane had not bumped into Lucetta, would the relationship with Henchard have occurred? I I believe that we can put all these happenings down to the responsibility of the individual. for example if George had been more responsible for Lennie, then he would have been there when Curley’s wife went to see Lennie, and stopped any danger. I will repeat my previous statement in saying that the writing style suggests that only ‘The Mayor Of Casterbridge’ contained a fate, I believe that ‘Of Mice and Men’ purely contained dramatic irony. When Henchard made Farfrae stay in Casterbridge, he helped the town out of the crisis they were in. Henchard just made the mistake of thinking he was above Farfrae as the Mayor, but as it shows the mob rules, and the townspeople over through Henchard for the better businessman. In conclusion both novels show us two characters with dreams and hopes, which are in the end unfulfilled, but they go about striving for these dreams, because of many reasons, in very different ways. Of Mice and Men tells of the American depression and a simple migrant worker called Lennie, whose strength, mental disability, dependence on his friend and lack of ability to deal with the ‘bad things’ he has done cause his life to end in Tragedy. The Mayor of Casterbridge is set in the fictional town of Casterbridge and tells of a man who worked himself out of his terrible drunkard state and made something of himself, only to in the end have lost the people he loved, become bankrupt, and died a lonely man. I have shown how both characters contribute to their own tragedy, and how Lennie held an unrealistic dream, which he couldn’t achieve, while Henchard accomplished his dream but was unable to hold onto it. Finally I believe that if fate is blamed for the characters lives, and that if everyone’s life is predetermined, then any responsibility is taken off the person whose life it is; blaming fate is taking the easy way out and people should take responsibility for their actions.

AP Bio Lab

However, the e pigments will eve up the chromatography paper at different rates because they are not e equally soluble to the solvent. Photosynthesis has two main stages, the lightheartedness reaction and the lightheartedness reaction. Light independent reactions occur only in the light a ND produce TAP and NADIA which are then used by the lightheartedness reactions to fuel its pr access. Part B of this lab involves differing variables of light and carbon dioxide and the effects they have on the rate of photosynthesis.In this experiment, the rate of photosynthesis will be assured through the floating of leaf disks in solution. Ill. Hypothesis, Materials, and Method part A: Hypothesis: The plant will produce varying bands of yellow and green pigment TTS along the chromatography paper. Part B: Hypothesis: The more light or carbon dioxide there is, the faster the rate of p Hottentots. IV. Variables Independent Variable: Colors of the bands Dependent Variable: Plant pigment part e: Indep endent Variable: Sodium bicarbonate solution Dependent Variable: Time each disk took to floatControl: Water/Soap solution without carbon dioxide V. Data and Observations. Part A: Plant Pigments and Chromatography Observations: The plant produced five visible bands of color: dark green, light green, green, light yellow and dark yellow. All of the bands were the same distance apart ex kept for band 4 and the solvent front which were both mm apart. Data: Band # Distance(mm) Band Color o. Scorn dark brown 2 1. Mm light green 3 2. Mm green 4 4. Mm light yellow Solvent Front 6. Mm dark yellow Part B: Photosynthesis

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Introduction Scholars and business administrators agree that the activities of companies should be based on some moral judgment. Mere pursuit of profits is no longer acceptable for organizations that claim to be good corporate citizens. It is believed that business ethics and corporate social ethics should ensure that companies are managed in ways that benefit the whole of society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay is aimed at examining this claim. In particular, it is possible to argue that this requirement should be specified and limited. Businesses can benefit the entire community by offering excellent services or good. Moreover, they should eliminate or minimize possible risks to the wellbeing of the community. However, managers cannot possibly predict the effects of business activities on the whole of society since such effects may be difficult to trace. The main task of CSR and business ethics is to eliminate various malpractices that can harm the interests of various stakeholders such as clients, employees, or community. Certainly, for-profit organizations can bring some improvements into the live of the community, by creating jobs or participating in charity; however, the capabilities of companies are limited and managers should also think about the profitability and the interests of the shareholders. On the whole, one can say that business ethics and CSR should act as safeguards against various dangers, but people should not think that businesses should responsible for the wellbeing of the entire community. In this paper I would like to illustrate how corporate social responsibility and business ethics can be applied by modern businesses. The first section will examine the reasons why many companies chose to follow to the principles of CSR and business ethics. I will also speak about the stake holder theory that explains how enterprises interact with the community. The second section will discuss the role of business as beneficiaries. In particular, it is necessary to show that companies cannot always benefit the whole of society, because they should also think about their organizational performance and profitability. Finally, I will discuss more specific applications of business ethics and CSR.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The origins of CSR and business ethics First, it should be noted that such concepts as corporate social responsibility and business ethics emerged as a response to the criticism to which businesses have often been subjected by journalists, political activists or lawyers. They were supposed to reconcile the needs of businesses and the communities in which they operated. Their goal was to make companies more accountable to the commun ity. More importantly, business ethics and CSR had to eradicate various malpractices of for-profit organizations. In particular, one can mention such issues as failure to ensure the safety of workers or low wages (Morgan 2006, p. 306). Moreover, businesses are often blamed for the failure to support the needs of workers, for instance, one can mention female workers who must care about their children (Pocock 2005, p. 32). Furthermore, modern companies are obliged to think about the work-life balance of workers (Pocock 2005b, p. 198). Thus, business ethics and CSR enable businesses and employees to reach some kind of a compromise. Apart from that, companies have to respond to the pressure of governmental institutions. They are forced to respond to such issues as corporate fraud, environmental pollution, or dishonest financial reporting. Many societies have raised the performance standards for modern enterprises. Some malpractice like wage discrimination or environmental pollution are no longer acceptable either for the government or the community. Therefore, the principles of CSR and business ethics are supposed to eliminate such malpractices that can harm the interest of various stakeholders. They have to shield businesses from public criticism, law suits or governmental action. This is one of the reasons why many business leaders are favorable of CSR. Yet, it would be an exaggeration to say that they are concerned about the benefit of the whole community. Even the most ardent critics of corporations do not say that they have to bring improvements to the entire society. The problem is that the society is a very comprehensive term that includes every person living within a certain geographical area as well as institutions that have been created by the members of the community. Thus, one can ask how exactly companies are obliged to benefit the whole of society. The thing is that there is no ethical imperative requiring business to think about the wellbeing of eve ry person. Such a task is hardly possible for individuals or organizations. Certainly, one can say that companies can benefit these people mostly by providing good products or services or minimizing hypothetical dangers of their activities. Moreover, they can donate to various construction projects and even give money to the construction of roads or bridges (Banerjee 2009, p. 1555).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yet, it is difficult to argue that business administrators have to think only about the benefit of the community. They should also be concerned with the profitability of the enterprise and the interests of stockholders. Provided that they do not cope with this task, the very sustainability of many companies can be at risk. This is another argument that should not be overlooked. It should be noted that such notions as corpo rate social responsibility and business ethics take their origins in the stakeholder theory. According to this approach companies should not be seen only as isolated agents that merely deliver goods or services to clients. More likely, they should be regarded as entities that can impact a variety of stakeholders, for instance, buyers, workers, or community. It is possible to refer to such an author as Joel Bakan (2005) who believes that corporations are probably the most important institutions in the world since they shape practically every area of human life (p. 5). Furthermore, business administrators should also take into account that these stakeholders can significantly affect the performance of any organization. For instance, clients, who believe that a company neglects their safety needs, may simply use the products or services a different company. This is why corporate executives should understand that unethical practices can eventually result in the loss of profits. Corporat e social responsibility and business ethics are importance because they show how companies should interact with various stakeholders. However, CSR or business ethics do not eliminate the idea that companies have to make profits. More importantly, the promotion of public welfare must not harm the financial aspects of performance. This is why people should not assume that companies will act as social beneficiaries. This is the main issues that should be taken into account. Admittedly, managers should not regard themselves as â€Å"morally neutral characters† (Roberts 1984, p. 288). They cannot exclude ethical consideration from the decision-making process (Watson 2003, p. 169). The thing is that they can gain the trust of other employees by showing that they adhere to certain ethical principles such as integrity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, companies can gain the trust of customers by demonstrating that they genuinely care about their needs. Nonetheless, one cannot oblige them to think only about the welfare of the welfare of the community. Such a requirement will not be feasible. Thus, people should not put rely on those corporate executives who argue that they are concerned only with the benefit of the public since such claims are not always substantiated. Beneficiary role of companies and its limitations At this point, it is important to discuss some limitations of CSR and business ethics. Special attention should be paid to the ability of businesses to bring improvements to the community. However, firms have responsibilities to their stockholders who want organizations to be run effectively. The general premise is companies are obliged to create certain benefits for the community. Thus, the question arises how they should do it. First of all, they are supposed to provide goods and services that can creat e some value for people. This is probably the most important requirement and the sustainability of every company depends on its ability to create this value. Nevertheless, this requirement is a necessity, rather than a moral obligation. Businesses do not CSR or business ethics in order to remember about it. Secondly, it is possible the creation of jobs. This is one of the most important benefits that firms can bring to the society. In this way, they can improve the welfare of the population by increasing their purchasing power. However, there is a significant limitation of this requirement. The thing is that the development of technologies enables businesses to reduce the number of workers and eventually improve their cost-efficiency. In many cases, they no longer need to hire more workers. The performance of a company is assessed according to its cost-efficiency, and many organizations try to reduce their labor force and employ only those people who can best contribute to organizat ional success. Thus, business administrators are not morally obliged to think about the creation of jobs, since they should also think about the productivity. Therefore, there is some conflict between the needs of for-profit organizations and the needs of the society. In some cases, the most efficient business practices can harm some members of the community. This is the critical issue that people should take into account. If managers take business ethics and CSR to their extreme, they may endanger the interests of shareholders. Additionally, it is assumed that businesses are obliged to promote diversity and empower those people who were previously discriminated, for instance, on the basis of race, gender or disability (Strachan, French, Burgess, 2009, p. 18). One of their roles is to reduce inequalities existing in the society. To some degree, this requirement is quite legitimate because even nowadays a great number of people may be disadvantaged due to some reasons. For instance, some industries are called male-dominated; in particular, one can mention auditing industry (Jonnengard, Stafsudd, Elg 2010, p. 722). Besides, many people may not secure employment because of their disability. This is why companies should promote affirmative action which is required by legislation (Ainsworth, Knox, O’Flynn, 2010, p. 660). Nevertheless, one should take into account, businesses have to hire the most skilled and motivated candidates. HR professionals have to look at the experience of an employee, and his/her skills. They are the most important criteria. Therefore, companies cannot employ a person only because he/she represents an ethical or racial group that was previously discriminated or disadvantaged. Thus, the corporate social responsibility of enterprises has some limitations. One should expect that companies will be willing to promote social justice at the expense of their performance. Thirdly, some supporters of corporate social responsibility may beli eve that businesses should participate in charitable activities or support volunteer projects. Some organizations may be engaged in such activities, but management should also think about daily operations and expenses of a company. Thus, promotion of community welfare should not be done at the expense of efficiency. On the whole, these examples are important because they should that there are some limits to corporate social responsibility. The critics of corporations have to remember that the very existence of these corporations depends on their profitability. In this regard, one can refer to such a company as Shell that currently operates in Nigeria (Banerjee 2009, p. 1555). It has contributed to the construction of roads, hospitals or power utilities in the country (Banerjee 2009, p. 1555). Yet, it is believed that the operations of this company do really contribute to the welfare of the population. In this case, the problem is that many corporations have to work with very corrupt governments, and even when they contribute to charity, other people may not see any significant improvement because the money of the corporation will not be used appropriately. This case shows that the welfare of population does not depend only on the activities of private businesses, even if they are powerful international corporations. Surely, CSR and business ethics emphasize social performance of firms, but governments still remain responsible for welfare of individuals. It has to be their major concern. There is another reason why people should not expect that CSR and business ethics are supposed to benefit the whole of society. The problem is that this formulation is too vague; it does not describe how exactly companies are supposed to act or who they should benefit. This lack of clarity is the main reasons why many people are skeptical about the usefulness of CSR and business ethics. The problem is that too many executives often claim that their companies are responsible cor porate citizens. However, they do not tell what exactly they do in order to benefit the community. However, in many cases, their words may just be a form of pretence. This is why people should be very specific when they identify the goals or corporate social responsibility and business ethics. Specific applications of business ethics and CSR Thus, people should pay more attention to the specific applications of CSR and business ethics. As it has been said before, the main rationale for these safeguards is to create an environment in which malpractices will not be possible. In particular, one can speak about such activities as wage discrimination of workers, corporate fraud, inside trading, violation of customers’ rights and so forth. The principles of business ethics should act as guidelines for every employee of an organization. Managers and corporate executives have to make sure that the interests and rights of their stakeholders are put under threat. Overall, various corpo rate scandals highlight the need for business ethics and CSR. For example, one can refer to case of Enron (Bakan 2005, p. 23). This example eloquently demonstrates that lack of meaning ethical judgment can lead to the failure of the company and significant losses for its investors (Bakan 2005, p. 23). Thus, the principles of corporate social responsibility are adopted in order to reduce the risk of corporate fraud that may threaten investors, employees, pension funds, and so forth. Additionally, CSR and business ethics are supposed to help individuals who may be forced to act in an immoral way. As it is pointed out by High Willmott (1993) corporate cultures can sometimes become too totalitarian and a person may be pressured to comply with the decisions or values of the group even if some of these decisions are not ethical (p. 521). Some organizations may become too authoritarian and they can view stakeholders only as economic objects (Knights Roberts 1982, p. 51). Thus, business et hics is aimed at minimizing the influence of peer pressure because this influence is not always beneficial. According to the famous psychologist Stanley Milgram (1974), people are more likely to commit immoral acts when they feel that some authority figure will take responsibility for their actions (p. 21). Companies that adopt the principles of business ethics and CSR try to make sure that people feel free to express their opinions when they feel that some decisions are not ethical. Another application of business ethics and CSR may be related to the labor practices of an organization. For example, some companies operating in economically advanced countries employ very people from Africa or Eastern Europe and these individuals may be reduced to the status of slaves since they have no civil rights and they cannot refer to any governmental authority (Bales 2012, p. 12). This is the main tragedy. In his article, Bill Cooke (2003) speaks about the legacies of slavery and the practices used by managers in the ante-bellum America (p. 1895). The thing is that slavery has not been eradicated in the modern workplace. This problem can be effectively addressed if there is proper legislation. Moreover, corporate executives who adhere to the rules of ethics and CSR will ensure that none of company’s divisions is engaged in unlawful labor practices. These examples illustrate specific applications of business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Provided that organizations use them as safeguard, they can protect themselves against many risks such as governmental fines or poor publicity. Moreover, they can benefit employees, stockholders, or customers. If business administrators choose to focus on more specific tasks, the work of many organizations can be improved. Conclusion On the whole, this discussion leads to several important points. First of all, business ethics and CSR should be regarded as a system of checks and balances that have to prevent or minimiz e the risk of malpractices within the company. They should ensure that companies adhere to the principles of integrity or openness. Business administrators have to avoid any harm to clients, workers, or environment. This is the most important requirement. Certainly, they can bring such benefits as reduction of inequality, charity, or promotion of employee’s rights. However, they should also be concerned with the maximization of revenues. So, corporate social responsibility and business ethics cannot guarantee that companies strive to benefit the whole of society. This promise may not be fulfilled. Instead they should ensure that no harm is done to the community. In particular, these safeguards should protect long-term interests of various stakeholders who are dependent on private businesses. If this approach is adopted, CSR and business ethics will be much more effective. References Ainsworth, S., Knox, A. O’Flynn, J 2010, ‘A Blinding Lack of Progress’: M anagement Rhetoric and Affirmative Action’, Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 17 no. 6, pp.658-678. Bakan, J 2005, The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power, Simon Schuster, New York. Bales, K 2012, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy, Updated with a New Preface, University of California Press, Berkeley. Banerjee, S 2009, Necrocapitalism, Organization Studies, vol. 29 no. 12, pp. 1541-1563. Cooke, B 2003 ‘The Denial of Slavery in Management Studies’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 40 no. 8, pp. 1885-1918. Jonnengard, K., Stafsudd, S., Elg U 2010, ‘Performance Evaluations as Gender Barriers in Professional Organizations: A Study of Auditing Firms’, Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 17 no. 6, pp. 721-741. Knights D. Roberts J 1982, ‘The Power of Organizations or the Organization of Power’, Organization Studies, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 47-63. Milgram, S 1974, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, Taylor Francis, New York. Morgan, G 2006, Images of Organization, SAGE, London. Pocock, B 2005, ‘Work/Care Regimes: Institutions, Culture and Behaviour and the Australian Case.’ Gender, Work and Organization, vol. 12 no. 1, pp. 32-49. Pocock, B 2005b, ‘Work–life ‘balance’ in Australia: Limited progress, dim Prospects’, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol. 43 no. 2, pp. 198-209. Roberts, J 1984, ‘The moral character of management practice’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 21 no. 3, pp. 287-302. Strachan, G., French, E., Burgess J 2009, Managing Diversity in Australia: Theory and Practice, The McGrow-Hill Companies, Sydney. Watson, T 2003, ‘Ethical choice in managerial work: The scope for moral choices in an ethically irrational world’, Human Relations, vol. 56 no. 2, pp. 167-185. Willmott, H 1993, ‘Strength is Ignorance, Slavery is Freedom: Managing Culture in Modern Organizations†™, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 30 no. 4, pp. 515-552.